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For other uses, see Aristotle (disambiguation).

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Aristotle
\u1f08\u03c1\u03b9\u03c3\u03c4\u03bf\u03c4\u03ad\u03bb\u03b7\u03c2
Roman copy (in marble) of a Greek bronze bust of Aristotle by Lysippos (c. 330 BC), with modern alabaster mantle
Born	384 BC Stagira, Chalcidian League
Died	322 BC (aged 61\u201362) Chalcis, Euboea, Macedonian Empire
Education	Platonic Academy
Notable work	\n Organon \n Physics \n Metaphysics \n Nicomachean Ethics \n Politics \n Rhetoric \n Poetics \n

Era	Ancient Greek philosophy
Region	Western philosophy
School	\n Peripatetic school \n
Notable students	Alexander the Great, Theophrastus, Aristoxenus
Main interests	\n Logic \n Natural philosophy \n Metaphysics \n Ethics \n Politics \n Rhetoric \n Poetics \n
Notable ideas	Aristotelianism\n \n Theoretical philosophy \n Aristotelian logic, syllogism\n Four causes\n Genus and differentia\n Hylomorphism, substance, essence, accident\n Hypokeimenon\n Potentiality and actuality\n Theory of universals\n Unmoved mover\n \n \n \n Natural philosophy \n Aristotelian biology\n Aristotelian physics\n Common sense\n Eternity of the world\n Five wits\n Horror vacui\n Theory of elements, aether\n Rational animal\n \n \n \n Practical philosophy \n Aristotelian ethics\n Catharsis\n Deliberative, epideictic and forensic rhetoric\n Enthymeme and Paradeigma\n Family as a model for the state\n Golden mean\n Kyklos\n Magnanimity\n Mimesis\n Natural slavery\n Intellectual virtues: sophia, episteme, nous, phronesis, techne\n Three appeals: ethos, logos, pathos\n Views on women\n \n
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Aristotle^[A] (Attic Greek: \u1f08\u03c1\u03b9\u03c3\u03c4\u03bf\u03c4\u03ad\u03bb\u03b7\u03c2, romanized: Aristot\u00e9l\u0113s;^[B] 384\u2013322 BC) was an Ancient Greek philosopher and polymath. His writings cover a broad range of subjects spanning the natural sciences, philosophy, linguistics, economics, politics, psychology, and the arts. As the founder of the Peripatetic school of philosophy in the Lyceum in Athens, he began the wider Aristotelian tradition that followed, which set the groundwork for the development of modern science.\n

Little is known about Aristotle's life. He was born in the city of Stagira in northern Greece during the Classical period. His father, Nicomachus, died when Aristotle was a child, and he was brought up by a guardian. At around eighteen years old, he joined Plato's Academy in Athens and remained there until the age of thirty seven (c. 347 BC). Shortly after Plato died, Aristotle left Athens and, at the request of Philip II of Macedon, tutored his son Alexander the Great beginning in 343 BC. He established a library in the Lyceum, which helped him to produce many of his hundreds of books on papyrus scrolls.\n

Though Aristotle wrote many treatises and dialogues for publication, only around a third of his original output has survived, none of it intended for publication. Aristotle provided a complex synthesis of the various philosophies existing prior to him. His teachings and methods of inquiry have had a significant impact across the world, and remain a subject of contemporary philosophical discussion.\n

Aristotle's views profoundly shaped medieval scholarship. The influence of his physical science extended from late antiquity and the Early Middle Ages into the Renaissance, and was not replaced systematically until the Enlightenment and theories such as classical mechanics were developed. He influenced Judeo-Islamic philosophies during the Middle Ages, as well as Christian theology, especially the Neoplatonism of the Early Church and the scholastic tradition of the Catholic Church.\n

Aristotle was revered among medieval Muslim scholars as \"The First Teacher\", and among medieval Christians like Thomas Aquinas as simply \"The Philosopher\", while the poet Dante called him \"the master of those who know\". He has been referred to as the first scientist. His works contain the earliest known formal study of logic, and were studied by medieval scholars such as Peter Abelard and Jean Buridan. His influence on logic continued well into the 19th century. In addition, his ethics, although always influential, has gained renewed interest with the modern advent of virtue ethics.\n

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Element	Hot/Cold	Wet/Dry	Motion	Modern state of matter\n
Earth	Cold	Dry	Down	Solid\n
Water	Cold	Wet	Down	Liquid\n
Air	Hot	Wet	Up	Gas\n
Fire	Hot	Dry	Up	Plasma\n
Aether	(divine substance)	\u2014	Circular (in heavens)	Vacuum\n

Group	Examples (given by Aristotle)	Blood	Legs	Souls (Rational, Sensitive, Vegetative)	Qualities (Hot\u2013Cold, Wet\u2013Dry)\n
Man	Man	with blood	2 legs	R, S, V	Hot, Wet\n
Live-bearing tetrapods	Cat, hare	with blood	4 legs	S, V	Hot, Wet\n
Cetaceans	Dolphin, whale	with blood	none	S, V	Hot, Wet\n
Birds	Bee-eater, nightjar	with blood	2 legs	S, V	Hot, Wet, except Dry eggs\n
Egg-laying tetrapods	Chameleon, crocodile	with blood	4 legs	S, V	Cold, Wet except scales, eggs\n
Snakes	Water snake, Ottoman viper	with blood	none	S, V	Cold, Wet except scales, eggs\n
Egg-laying fishes	Sea bass, parrotfish	with blood	none	S, V	Cold, Wet, including eggs\n
(Among the egg-laying fishes): placental selachians	Shark, skate	with blood	none	S, V	Cold, Wet, but placenta like tetrapods\n
Crustaceans	Shrimp, crab	without	many legs	S, V	Cold, Wet except shell\n
Cephalopods	Squid, octopus	without	tentacles	S, V	Cold, Wet\n
Hard-shelled animals	Cockle, trumpet snail	without	none	S, V	Cold, Dry (mineral shell)\n
Larva-bearing insects	Ant, cicada	without	6 legs	S, V	Cold, Dry\n
Spontaneously generating	Sponges, worms	without	none	S, V	Cold, Wet or Dry, from earth\n
Plants	Fig	without	none	V	Cold, Dry\n
Minerals	Iron	without	none	none	Cold, Dry\n

Too little	Virtuous mean	Too much\n
Humbleness	High-mindedness	Vainglory\n
Lack of purpose	Right ambition	Over-ambition\n
Spiritlessness	Good temper	Irascibility\n
Rudeness	Civility	Obsequiousness\n
Cowardice	Courage	Rashness\n
Insensibility	Self-control	Intemperance\n
Sarcasm	Sincerity	Boastfulness\n
Boorishness	Wit	Buffoonery\n
Callousness	Just resentment	Spitefulness\n
Pettiness	Generosity	Vulgarity\n
Meanness	Liberality	Wastefulness\n

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Life

Theoretical philosophy

Logic

Organon

Metaphysics

Substance

Immanent realism

Potentiality and actuality

Epistemology

Natural philosophy

Physics

Five elements

Motion

Four causes

Optics

Chance and spontaneity

Astronomy

Geology and natural sciences

Biology

Empirical research

Scientific style

Classification of living things

Psychology

Soul

Memory

Dreams

Practical philosophy

Ethics

Politics

Economics

Rhetoric

Poetics

Gender and sexuality

Transmission

His successor, Theophrastus

Later Greek philosophy

Hellenistic science

Revival

Byzantine scholars

Medieval Islamic world

Medieval Europe

Medieval Judaism

Early Modern science

18th and 19th-century science

Present science

Surviving works

Corpus Aristotelicum

Loss and preservation

Depictions in art

Paintings

Sculptures

Eponyms

See also

References

Notes

Citations

Sources

Further reading

External links